Cunningham History of Western Philanthropy occasional paper Nov 13

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CGAP Occasional Paper
June 2013
A History of Western Philanthropy
Hugh Cunningham
Summary
Professor Hugh Cunningham’s...

Historians increasingly write about philanthropy as a gift relationship. Alan Kidd (1996, p.
184) describes it as ‘non-com...

the wealthy more generally. It incorporated the notion of a return philanthropon from the
recipients in the form of honour...

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The third stratum originated in the later Middle Ages and was dominant until the late
nineteenth century. The socio-econom...

Poor relief could be granted for a variety of reasons, some of them far from obviously
philanthropic. Marco van Leeuwen (1...

threatening to those who might be tempted not to lift the hand of charity (Hindle, 2004, p.
160).
Beginning in the late f...

1960s the focus of attention. Thereafter social historians downplayed the divide, pointing
to similar responses between Pr...

Cunningham (2002, p. 3) have concluded that in the Reformation and CounterReformation ‘The Northern, Protestant, countries...

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seventeenth century were the establishment of charity schools, the provision of
employment in part through the building of...

‘the common man earns too little to live on’. A growing city like Hamburg, its population
swollen by migrants whose liveli...

landmark. In a 1787 manifesto it declared that philanthropic activity was the main duty of
a citizen (Duprat, 1993, p. 68)...

concerned that wages should be determined by the market. Earning a living through
wages was fundamental both to a successf...

Philanthropy and political economy, it seemed, were to be allies against ‘the lazy shape
of charity’. By the 1860s, howeve...

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Hinrich Wichern in 1833. The Rauhes Haus in its turn inspired the foundation in France
in 1840 of the agrarian colony of M...

they could best improve their societies by providing their cities with a civic infrastructure
of public parks, art galleri...

be the lead actor. Some people began to ask whether it had any future role. Others, like
Elizabeth Macadam in Britain (193...

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problems, a happy marriage of capitalism’s efficiency and entrepreneurship applied to
disease and poverty, to higher educa...

to be used widely in the Enlightenment, its meaning constantly contested. It was, as
Casaubon remarks sceptically in Middl...

diseases struck family members (Zunz, pp. 44-75). Even when there was no obvious
payback for givers, reciprocity was alway...

same could be seen in earlier strata of giving, for example among the philanthropic
power-brokers in early modern Turin (C...

References
Andrew, D. T. 1989. Philanthropy and Police: London Charity in the Eighteenth Century.
Princeton, N.J.: Prince...

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Cunningham, H. 2005. Children and Childhood in Western Society since 1500. Harlow:
Longman.
Davis, N. Z. 1987. Society and...

Hall, C. 2012. Macaulay and Son: Architects of Imperial Britain. New Haven and London:
Yale University Press.
Hands, A. R....

Macadam, E. 1934. The New Philanthropy: A Study of the Relation Between the
Statutory and Voluntary Social Services. Londo...

Sealander, J. 2003. Curing Evils at Their Source: The Arrival of Scientific Giving. In: L. J.
Friedman and M. D. McGarvie,...

About the author
Hugh Cunningham is Emeritus Professor of History at the University of Kent. He edited
Charity, Philanthro...

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